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CONTENT

Sr. no.	Particular				Page no.
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1	Water related issues over the world				1
1.2	Pollutants for photocatalytic degradation		1.2.1 Classification of dye		2
			1.2.2 Dye selected for photocatalytic activity		3
1.3	Different dye removal methods				3
1.4	What is Photocatalysis				4
1.5	Semiconductors for Photocatalysis				5
1.6	Mechanism of Photocatalytic process				7
1.7	Nanoparticles				8
1.8	TiO₂Nanoparticles				9
1.9	Synthesis of TiO₂ Nanoparticles				11
1.10	Sol-gel Technique				12
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODOLOGY
2.1	Review of Literature				15
2.2	Objective				18
2.3	Methodology				18
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL AND CHARACTERISATION TECHNIQUES
3.1	Sol-gel technique to synthesize NTO				20
Characterization Techniques
3.2	X-ray Diffractometer				21
3.3	Scanning Electron Microscopy				22
3.4	UV-VIS Spectroscopy				23
3.5	Photoluminescence				25
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION
4.1	XRD Analysis				28
4.2	SEM Analysis				30
4.3	UV-Vis Analysis				31
4.4	PL Analysis				32
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 5 PHOTOCATALYSIS STUDY
5.1	Photocatalytic study of prepared catalyst for degradation of Indigo Carmine (IC)				35
5.2	Experimental				35
5.3	Result and Discussion				36
5.4	Mechanism of Photocatalysis				37
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
6.1		Conclusion		40
6.2		Future Scope		40

Fig. No.	List of Figure	Page No.
1.1	Classification of dye.	2
1.2	Diagram depicting bandgaps of various semiconductor photocatalyst.	6
1.3	Photocatalytic generation of hydroxyl radicals.	7
1.4	Block diagram of sol-gel technique.	12
3.1	Sol-gel for synthesizing TiO₂ NPs.	20
3.2	Ray diagram describing the scanning electron microscope technique.	23
3.3	Ray diagram of UV-Vis Spectroscopy.	24
3.4	Spectrophotometer JASCO V670.	24
3.5	Ray diagram associated with Spectrofluorometer.	25
3.6	Spectrofluorometer JASCO FP-8200.	26
4.1	Powder XRD pattern of as-synthesized TiO₂ nanoparticles calcinated at 350⁰C and different pH (1, 3, and 5).	29
4.2	SEM images of prepared samples at different pH and annealed at 350^oC for 2 hrs.	31
4.3	UV–vis absorption spectra of TiO₂ nanoparticles calcinated at 300⁰C in different pH (1, 3, and 5).	31
4.4	Photoluminescence spectrum of prepared TiO₂ nanoparticles.	33
5.1	UV–Vis absorption spectra of indigo carmine solution catalyzed at room temperature in the presence of tio₂ nanoparticles.	36
5.2	Mechanism of Photocatalysis.	37

Sr. No.	List of Table	Page No.
1.1	Chemical formula and Chemical weight of IC dye.	3
1.2	Definitions of nanoparticles and nanomaterials by various organizations.	9
1.3	Four form of TiO₂ with crystal structure.	10
3.1	Prepared TiO₂ nanoparticles in different pH.	20
4.1	Crystallite sizes of prepared samples	29
4.1	Shows the energy bandgap of prepared TiO₂ nanoparticles in the different pH values.	31

Durgam Vigyan Sansthana